“As mass citizens, individuals rely on heuristics to unreflectively mobilize cognitive structures at their disposal.” (ryfeDOESDELIBERATIVEDEMOCRACY2005)
In small groups: “through the influence of group leaders (Nye & Simonetta 1996, Ridgeway 1987), through the influence of individuals who have a strong motivation to achieve consensus (De Grada et al. 1999, Kruglanski 1996, Webster et al. 1997), through the acceptance of group stereotypes and identities (Giles et al. 1987, Haslam et al. 1996, Maass et al. 1989, Maas & Arcuri 1996, Messick & Mackie 1989), or through perceptions of group consensus (Sunstein 2002).” (ryfeDOESDELIBERATIVEDEMOCRACY2005)
In mass opinion: “For instance, research on mass opinion has shown that citizens make snap judgments on the basis of party identification, their liking for a candidate, group affiliation, personal ideology, media frames, elite cues, perceptions of likely winners and losers, and a host of other cues” (ryfeDOESDELIBERATIVEDEMOCRACY2005)